CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
To kept stock Drosophila melanogaster can used variety of medium. Medium which begin used is combination between green banana and Casanova fermentation with compare 6:1. That medium used until more 15 years. At year 1984 begin used some medium which tried to can used in kept kinds of Drosophila melanogaster another and some last this years after used receip which new. Based on chemical composition, known as synthetic and non synthetic medium or complex. Composition of synthetic medium known with certainty and are usually made from materials of high purity chemicals and determined precisely. So this kind of medium can be repeated at any time of manufacture and would obtain the same results. On the other hand non-synthetic medium chemical composition is not known with certainty.
The use of refined technique and more effective equipment has yielded excellent result in recent years in the study of the gene and has added a great deal to the knowledge of the nature and function of the gene. Much more will be learned in the future. This phase of genetic research has reached the exciting stage, and much effort is being spent in more intensive studies on the nature of the gene. A knowledge of the gene and of some of its function is necessary to obtain a good foundation in the principles of animal breeding
As a material to create a solid medium can be used agar-agar or silica gel. However, the most commonly used are gelatin. Although the main ingredient is galaktan gelatin, which is a complex carbohydrate that is extracted from marine algae of the genus Gelidium. Gelatin to be dissolved or liquid when heated to a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius and will a liquid when cooled in the 48 degrees Celsius. Therefore, to find out how to manufacture medium-maintenance fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), we perform this practicum.
B. Purpose
1. Knowing life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster.
2. Differences properties male and female of Drosophila melanogaster.
C. Benefit
1. The students knowing and can explain about life cycle of Drsophila melanogaster.
2. The students knowing differences male and female of Drosophila melanogaster.














CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Kept stock Drosophila melanogaster can used variety of medium. Medium which begin used is combination between green banana and Casanova fermentation with compare 6:1. That medium used until more 15 years. At year 1984 begin used some medium which tried to can used in kept kinds of Drosophila melanogaster another and some last this years after used recipe which new. new recipes that used a modification of existing recipes and adapted to Indonesian conditions. (Hartati. 2010).
The use of refined technique and more effective equipment has yielded excellent result in recent years in the study of the gene and has added a great deal to the knowledge of the nature and function of the gene. Much more will be learned in the future. This phase of genetic research has reached the exciting stage, and much effort is being spent in more intensive studies on the nature of the gene. A knowledge of the gene and of some of its function is necessary to obtain a good foundation in the principles of animal breeding (John, F lasley. 1963).
In 1902, McClung justify Henking discovery and continuing its investigation of chromosomes in various types of grasshoppers. Therefore he can not find the body X in the female grasshopper eggs, then he came to the conclusion that the agency X had something to do with sex determination. McClung reported that the somatic cells of female locusts contains 24 chromosomes, while males only have 23 chromosomes only. Three years later, Wilson and Steve managed to check the oogenesis and spermatogenesis in a variety of insects. They argue that the agency X is a chromosome X loss and since it was introduced as the X chromosome relate to it on insects know sex differences based on chromosome (Suryo, 1986).
Since most inventions in the field of Genetics is obtained through research by using flies such as materials, then it is appropriate that when we review the method of determining sex in these flies. Bridges CB investigation on fruit flies Drosophila stated that there is a female determining factor on chromosome X, while the male determinant factor in the autosomes. He proved that more than a gene in influenceing the nature of the female X chromosome, whereas genes that effect male nature is widespread in the autosome and not found in the Y chromosome. Associated wiyh that bridges believes that the mechanism of sex determination in fruit fly more appropriately based on the theory of balance of sex determination (Suryo, 2008).
Drosophila melanogaster is a fly, distributed world wide with the exception of extremes of altitude or latitude. Its claim to fame is that, for the last 100 years or so, it has been a favourite organism for biological research, initially in the field of genetics, but latter for the investigation of fundamental problems in biology from the fields of ecology to neurobiology. Systematically, Drosophila melanogaster belongs to the large family of Drosophilae (with over 4,000 known species), a family of acalyptrate flies. By and large members of this family are specialized to feed, as larvae, on rotting vegetable matter that is undergoing fermentation due to yeast or bacterial contamination. It is these microorganisms that constitute the food of larval Drosophila melanogaster In the laboratory, however, Drosophila melanogaster is grown on a flour-based medium gelled with agar and seeded with baker's yeast (Anonimousb. 2010).
According Suryo (2008) core body cells of fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster chromosome only has 8 pieces only, so easily observed and counted. Eight chromosomes were divided into:
a) 6 units of chromosomes (3 pairs) exist in female and male flies the same shape. Therefore, the chromosomes are called autosomes (chromosomes of the body), abbreviated with the letter A.
b) 2 pieces of chromosomes (1 pair) called the sex chromosomes (sex chromosomes), because there is a different pad shape female and male flies.
Several types of cells in the larvae dipteral, the most widely known is Luda gland cells of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), uga stop the possibility of 18 hour mitotic larval development, but chromosomal DNA replication cell growth continue (Adi Soemarto. 1988).
The life cycle of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) consist of four stage: fertilized egg, larva, pupa, and adult or imago. The rate of development is dependent on temperature, since the flies are cold-blooded invertebrates. Development from fertilization to emergence from the pupa cae takes 12 to 15 days a roo temperature. The adults then may live for 60 days or more (Norton. 1975).
Drosophila melanogaster exhibits complete metamorphism, meaning the life cycle includes an egg, larval (worm-like) form, pupa and finally emergence (enclosure) as a flying adult. This is the same as the well-known metamorphosis of butterflies and many other insects. The larval stage has three instars, or molts. After the eggs hatch, small larvae should be visible in the growing medium. If your media is white, look for the black area at the head of the larvae. Some dried premixed media is blue to help identify larvae however this is not a necessity and with a little patience and practice, larvae are easily seen. In addition, as the larvae feed they disrupt the smooth surface of the media and so by looking only at the surface one can tell if larvae are present. However, it is always a good idea to double check using a stereomicroscope. After the third instar, larvae will begin to migrate up the culture vial in order to pupate (Anonymousa. 2010).
Females become receptive to courting males at about 8–12 hours after emergence. Males perform a sequence of five behavioral patterns to court females. First, males orient themselves while playing a courtship song by horizontally extending and vibrating their wings. Soon after, the male positions itself at the rear of the female's abdomen in a low posture to tap and lick the female genitalia. Finally, the male curls its abdomen, and attempts copulation. Females can reject males by moving away and extruding their ovipositor. The average duration of successful copulation is 30 minutes, during which males transfer a few hundred very long (1.76 mm) sperm cells in seminal fluid to the female. Females store the sperm in a tubular receptacle and in two mushroom-shaped sperm thecae, sperm from multiple mating compete for fertilization. A last male precedence is believed to exist in which the last male to mate with a female sires approximately 80% of her offspring. This precedence was found to occur through displacement and incapacitation. The displacement is attributed to sperm handling by the female fly as multiple matings are conducted and is most significant during the first 1–2 days after copulation. Displacement from the seminal receptacle is more significant than displacement from the sperm thecae. Incapacitation of first male sperm by second male sperm becomes significant 2–7 days after copulation. The seminal fluid of the second male is believed to be responsible for this incapacitation mechanism (without removal of first male sperm) which takes effect before fertilization occurs. The delay in effectiveness of the incapacitation mechanism is believed to be a protective mechanism that prevents a male fly from incapacitating its own sperm should it mate with the same female fly repetitively (Anonymousc. 2010).
The first irregular chromosome arrangement from bridge experiments resulted from nondisjunction, the failure of paired chromosome to separate in anphase. X chromosome, which ordinarily come together in pairs during the meiotic prophase of oogenesis and separate to opposite poles during anaphase, remained together and migrated to the same pole. As a result, some female gameters received two X choromosomes and some received no X chromosome.Following fertilization by sperm from wild-type males (AAXY), all zygotes had 2n autosomes (2A), but some received two X’s from the mother and an X from the father (3X). The ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes of 3:2 resulted in flirs, called metafemales, the same mating were narmal females in appearance XO ( 1X/2A) males were sterile, and those with a Y choromosome is not involved in sex determination. However, the Y choromosome of Drosophila is required for male fertility. In XO D. melanogaster, sperm develop but are nonmotile. Interestingly in a related species of fruit flies, D hydei, sperm do not develop in XO males, indicating that the Y choromosome plays additional roles in spermatogenesis in this species (gardner, simmons, snustad. 1984).

CHAPTER III
METHOD OF PRACTICAL
A. Date and place
Day / date : Saturday / October 30th 2010
Time : 14.00 – 15.45 WITA
Place : second floor west of laboratory biology FMIPA UNM
B. Tool and material
1. Tools
a. Culture bottle
b. Scissor
2. Materials
a. Drosophila melanogaster
b. Medium
c. Rubber
d. Plastic
e. Tissue
C. Work procedure
1. Inserted medium into culture bottle
2. Closed culture bottle with use plastic and rubber
3. Inserted female Drosophila melanogaster and male Drosophila melanogaster
4. Saved medium in place dry
5. Observed cycle life Drosophila melanogaster





CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
Egg Note:
1. Egg
2. Posterior side
3. Anterior side

Larva phase Note :
1. Anterior side
2. Segment of body
3. Posterior side

Prepupa phase Note :
1. Anterior side
2. Segment of body
3. Posterior side



Pupa phase Note :
1. Anterior side
2. Segment of body
3. Posterior side


No Date/ Day Time Development
1 Sunday, October 30th 2010 11.00 am Enter fly to bottle
2 Monday, November 1st 2010 08.00 am Egg
3 Tuesday, November 2nd 2010 08.00 am 1st instar
4 Wednesday, November 3rd 2010 05.00 pm 2nd instar
5 Thursday, November 4th 2010 03.00 pm 3rd instar
6 Sunday, November 7th 2010 07.00 am Pupa
7 Thursday, November 11th 2010 08.00 pm imago

B. Discussion
In practice this time is observed life cycle of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. To make this observation should doing is to make the medium as raw fruit flies eat it. Making medium we have done in previous experiments. Droshopila melanogaster fruit fly is a living thing that exists at the development of metamorphosis. Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a living being whose development through metamorphosis perfect. say complete metamorphosis because in Drosophila melanogaster development will produce eggs later develop eggs into larvae, then expand again into pupae and will expand again into imago or adult flies. Drosophila melanogaster will evolve new mating after was 8 hours. A Drosophila melanogaster Bethany able to produce about 50-75 eggs a day. The egg of Drosophila melanogaster is about 0.5 mm. A female lay as many as May 400 eggs in a favorable egg laying ground (for example, a decaying mushroom or fruit). Within 24 hours of laying, the eggs hatch into 1st instar larvae. In room temperature conditions, this hatching time is as short as 15 hours. The larval stage of Drosophila melanogaster consists of three instars. Within 24 hours of hatching, the larva molts to develop into 2nd instar larvae. Again after 24 hours (ie 48 hours after egg hatching), the 2nd instar larva molts and matures to 3rd instar larvae. During these stages molting, the larva loses its spiracles, mouth and hooks. After 4 days of voracious feeding, the 3rd instar larvae Itself encapsulates inside a hard and dark colored puparium. It is in this pupal stage, where the metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster takes place, giving rise to wings and legs. In room temperature condition, the duration of metamorphosis Lasts for 4 days. The adult Drosophila melanogaster emerges through the operculum of the puparium. And Within 8-12 hours of Emergence, the female fly is receptive. Then, it mates with the male Drosophila for about 30 minutes, During the which the male inseminates A Few hundreds of sperms in the female fly. The female Drosophila stores the sperms and the uses Them latter for laying eggs. To distinguish between male and female Drosophila melanogaster can be seen at the end of the Drosophila male ass no black spots while the female does not exist but it can also be distinguished by looking at his size. Drosophila melanogaster female body size is much larger than the male fruit fly that small body size.















CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
1. Life Cycle of Drosophila melanogaster is a life-cycle experience perfect metamorphosis from egg and then the larvae then pupae and finally will develop into adult flies.
2. To distinguish the male fruit fly Drosphila melanogaster females we can see on the buttocks of male fruit flies have black spots on fruit flies while the female does not exist other than Tiu we can also to different by looking at his size. Fruit fly female body size is much larger than the male fruit fly having a smaller size than the female fly.
B. Suggestion
1. assistants are expected to have to pay attention in guiding his practican.
2. expected in conducting laboratory equipment used must be complete and clean for laboratory work can proceed smoothly.
3. Practicant must be consistent there schedule which done made together with assistant.









BIBBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymousa. 2010. An Introduction to Drosophila Melanogaster. www.biology.arizona.edu/sciconn/lessons2/lessons.html.com. Accessed at November 3, 2010. Makassar

Anonymousb. 2010. Introduction drosophila melanogaster. http://www.eol.org/pages/733739?text_id=466725.com. Accessed at November 3, 2010. Makassar

Anonymousc. 2010. Drosophila melanogaster. http://wikipedia/drosophilamelanogaster/free/encyclopedia.com. Accessed at November 3, 2010. Makassar

Adi soemarto. 1988. Genetika. Jakarta: Erlangga
Gardner, simmons, snustad. 1984. Principles Of Genetics. Canada: John Willey & Sons, 1nc
Hartati. 2010. Penuntun praktikum genetika. Makassar: FMIPA UNM
John, f lasley. 1963. Genetics Of Livestop Improvement. New jersey: Department Of Animals Husbandry University Of Missouri

Norton. 1975. An Introduction To Genetics. New York: The University Of Mirresota
Suryo. 1986. Genetika Manusia. Djojakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press
Suryo. 2008. Genetika strata 1.Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press







RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of practicum Genetic with title is “ Observation Life Cycle of Drosophila melanogaster” made by:
Name : Sitamirnasari
Reg. no : 081404177
Class : D
Group : I
After checked and consltation by assistant and assistant coordinator so this report accepted.


Makassar, November 2010
Assistant coordinator Assistant



(Misnawati S.Pd) (Djumarirmanto S.Pd)


Known by
Responsibility lecture


(Hartati S.Si. M. Si)
Reg. No: 19740405200002004